{"id":11891,"date":"2023-04-13T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-13T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/suymerbir.org.tr\/?p=11891"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:12:07","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T06:12:07","slug":"balik-yemleri-odaginda-yeni-mikroorganizmalarin-hammaddelerin-ve-surdurulebilir-teknolojilerin-su-urunleri-endustrisinde-donusumsel-kullanim-alanlari-bolum-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.suymerbir.org.tr\/en\/balik-yemleri-odaginda-yeni-mikroorganizmalarin-hammaddelerin-ve-surdurulebilir-teknolojilerin-su-urunleri-endustrisinde-donusumsel-kullanim-alanlari-bolum-1.html","title":{"rendered":"Bal\u0131k yemlerinin gelece\u011fine dair \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler – B\u00f6l\u00fcm 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere \u00fcretti\u011fimiz yemler i\u00e7in hammadde kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bug\u00fcn halen Sardalya gibi bal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015flendi\u011finde de \u201cnitelikli bir protein kayna\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak i\u015f g\u00f6ren bal\u0131klar. Fakat y\u00fckseli\u015fte olan e\u011filimler ve t\u00fcketime y\u00f6nelik daha fazla protein ihtiyac\u0131, art\u0131k bal\u0131k unu ve yemlerin vazge\u00e7ilmez bir bile\u015feni olan bal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n eldesi i\u00e7in bu gibi pelajik – yani suyun ayd\u0131nl\u0131k kesiminde ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiren, bal\u0131klar\u0131 dezavantajl\u0131 hale getiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Protein bal\u0131k yemlerinin yerine ba\u015fka bir \u015fey konulamayacak olan vazge\u00e7ilmez hammaddesi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bal\u0131k yemi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn de en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00f6nemli ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131ndan. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fine y\u00f6nelik Ar-Ge faaliyetlerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ise bal\u0131k yemlerinde kullan\u0131lan bu proteinlerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n neyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi olu\u015fturuyor. Bitkisel k\u00f6kenli proteinlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra protein i\u00e7eri\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen di\u011fer kaynaklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 da bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131nda.  \u015eimdi su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin bu \u00f6nemli bile\u015feni hakk\u0131ndaki yeni geli\u015fmelere g\u00f6z atal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel g\u0131da sekt\u00f6rleri i\u00e7inde su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, 1970-2014 y\u0131llar\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama %8 \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyeni ve \u015fu anda insanlar t\u00fcketsin diye arz edilen bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretiyor. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bal\u0131k avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise art\u0131k s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmaktan uzakta ve y\u0131ll\u0131k ~90 milyon ton seviyesinde dura\u011fan. (Link 1<\/a>) (Link 2<\/a>) (Link 3<\/a>) (Link 4<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Verimlilik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en verimli i\u015flerden birisi ve \u00e7evresel ile ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 korurken artan su, enerji ve g\u0131da talebini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kar\u015f\u0131layarak 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 9 milyardan fazla insan\u0131 besleme konusunda kilit rol oynayacak<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 milyon ton \u00fcretime sahip oldu\u011fu 2000’den 2018’e kadar %158 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc<\/a>. Yeti\u015ftiricilik i\u00e7in yem \u00fcretiminin de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde artmas\u0131 ve 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 73<\/a>.<\/a>15 milyon ton yem kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere, yemlerin \u00e7evresel etkileri ve artan fiyatlar\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yan\u0131nda su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fimini k\u0131s\u0131tlayan bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Yem, yo\u011fun beslenen su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin tedarik zinciri boyunca en b\u00fcy\u00fck genel \u00e7evresel etkiye sahiptir; burada verim, hayvanlara besin a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan eksiksiz form\u00fcle edilmi\u015f yemler verilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mevcut ticari bal\u0131k yemindeki (BY) bal\u0131k unu (BU),  protein ve bal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131 (BY) bile\u015fenleri, denizdeki besin zincirinin i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutan ve temel bir bile\u015fen olarak kabul g\u00f6ren \u201cyemlik\u201d bal\u0131klardan geliyor, fakat bu bal\u0131klar\u0131n yem \u00fcretme amac\u0131yla avlanmas\u0131 da da git gide daha s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez bir hale geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, \u015fu anda Ringa, Sardalya ve Hamsi gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve ya\u011fl\u0131 bal\u0131klardan elde  edilmi\u015f bal\u0131k unu ve ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %70’inden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yor. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki rakamlara bakarsak, yakalanan 29 milyon ton k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 16,9 milyonu \u015fu anda her y\u0131l k\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yemi \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmakta. (Link<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bal\u0131klar\u0131n su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yemlerine dahil edilmesinde bir azal\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine ra\u011fmen 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 0.4 ila 1.32 milyon ton aras\u0131nda bal\u0131k unu k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 meydana gelebilir ve bu da su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri end\u00fcstrisinde i\u015flerin devam ettirilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel olabilir. Analistler ayr\u0131ca mevcut t\u00fcketim h\u0131z\u0131na g\u00f6re,\u00a0 yem taleplerinin 2037 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar elde edilen yemlik bal\u0131k arz\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ebilece\u011fini ve bu bal\u0131klarla beslenen herkes i\u00e7in ciddi bir sorun olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Yeni bal\u0131k yemlerini benimsemede kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorunlar ve yeni bal\u0131k yemlerini benimsemenin beraberinde getirece\u011fi f\u0131rsatlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bal\u0131k yemi end\u00fcstrisi, farkl\u0131 hammaddeleri yaln\u0131zca soya ve m\u0131s\u0131ra rekabet edebilecek bir maliyetinin olmas\u0131 ve arz\u0131n\u0131n devaml\u0131 olmas\u0131 halinde kullan\u0131r. Rekabet\u00e7i hammaddeler geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in de ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ve su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri end\u00fcstrisi payda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011finde olmas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 var ve \u00e7evresel, sosyal ve ekonomik etkilerin olumsuz yanlar\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirirken hangi hammaddenin daha verimli ve k\u00e2rl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni bile\u015fenlerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fine ili\u015fkin bir de\u011ferlendirme<\/a> dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Alternatif hammaddede kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan en b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluk, end\u00fcstriyel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in mikroalg tedarikinde tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. A\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir di\u011fer bir b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluk ise gelenekselle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmsel aras\u0131ndaki rekabet\u00e7i fiyatlar. Bu kalem, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn seyrini bug\u00fcn belirleyen ve gelecekte de belirlemeye devam edecek en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131s\u0131tlama. Son olarak da, \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirme, yeni hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek bir engel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadece su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yemleri end\u00fcstrisi i\u00e7in de\u011fil, hemen hemen alanda \u015fu anda yeni i\u00e7erikleri benimsemek h\u00e2l\u00e2 zorlu bir i\u015f ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm \u00fcreticiler i\u00e7in ne yaz\u0131k ki adil olmayacak. \u00d6zellikle geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerdeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yeti\u015ftiriciler ve \u00fcreticiler ile bu segmentteki i\u015fletmelere bal\u0131k yemi sa\u011flayan geleneksel yemlerden,  yenilik\u00e7i yem i\u00e7eriklerine ge\u00e7i\u015fler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok fazla d\u00fczenlemeye ihtiya\u00e7 olacak ve bunlar\u0131n \u00e7evresel ve ekonomik \u00e7er\u00e7evelerde de\u011ferlendirilmesi zaman alacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bal\u0131k yemlerinde karasal bitki ve ya\u011flar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresel zorluklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

End\u00fcstriyel \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki tar\u0131m, ekilebilir arazi kayb\u0131na neden olan tar\u0131msal kirlilik nedeniyle muazzam bir zorlukla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya ve yem \u00fcreticileri \u015fu anda bal\u0131k unu ve bal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131 yerine kullanabilecekleri en iyi alternatifler olan soya, m\u0131s\u0131r ve kanola gibi kaynaklara biraz fazla g\u00fcveniyor. Denizden elde edilen proteinin yerine kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bu bitkisel kaynaklar i\u00e7in ya\u015fanabilecek yo\u011fun talep, bitkilerin daha fazla yeti\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak olan besinlerde ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak kimyasallarda art\u0131\u015fa neden olabilir. Bunun sonu da \u00f6trof yada kimyasallarla kirlenmi\u015f tar\u0131m arazilerinde art\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da ba\u015fka belli ba\u015fl\u0131 sorunlar demek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karasal k\u00f6kenli bitkilerden elde edilmi\u015f protein ve ya\u011flar, denizel k\u00f6kenli olanlara g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek seviyelerde olan antinutrisyonel bile\u015fenler nedeniyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sindirilebilirlik ve lizin, metiyonin, treonin ve triptofan gibi belli ba\u015fl\u0131 proteinler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f halde. Bal\u0131k yeminin i\u00e7indeki proteini karasal karasal k\u00f6kenli bir hammadde ile de\u011fi\u015ftirmek end\u00fcstri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir zorluk ve eksik temel amino asitleri sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131n eklenmesi i\u00e7in gerekli telafi edici \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u011f y\u00f6n\u00fcnden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise, karasal k\u00f6kenli ya\u011flarda Dokosaheksaenoik asit (DHA) ve Eikosapentaenoik asit (EPA) gibi uzun zincirli \u00e7oklu doymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011f asitleri (LCPUFA) ba\u015fl\u0131ca s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar. Bunlar, Alabal\u0131kgiller i\u00e7in temel omega-3 ya\u011f asitleridir ve bal\u0131klar\u0131n duydu\u011fu gereksinim, diyetin yakla\u015f\u0131k %0.5-1.0’idir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir sonraki yaz\u0131da, bal\u0131k yemlerinde kullan\u0131lma potansiyeli olan yeni hammaddelere, teknolojilere ve bunlar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmsel kullan\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6z ataca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere \u00fcretti\u011fimiz yemler i\u00e7in hammadde kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bug\u00fcn halen Sardalya gibi bal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015flendi\u011finde…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11899,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,38],"tags":[84,85,201],"class_list":["post-11891","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-yem-teknolojisi","tag-balik-yemi-formulasyonu","tag-balik-yemleri","tag-yem-teknolojisi"],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"Kaan Ugrasiz","author_link":"https:\/\/www.suymerbir.org.tr\/en\/author\/travego"},"yoast_head":"\nBal\u0131k yemlerinin gelece\u011fine dair 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