{"id":11933,"date":"2023-04-27T08:25:18","date_gmt":"2023-04-27T05:25:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/suymerbir.org.tr\/?p=11933"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:12:06","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T06:12:06","slug":"dengenin-hayvan-yonune-cevrilmesi-odaginda-su-urunleri-yetistiriciliginde-hastalik-yonetimi-bolum-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.suymerbir.org.tr\/en\/dengenin-hayvan-yonune-cevrilmesi-odaginda-su-urunleri-yetistiriciliginde-hastalik-yonetimi-bolum-1.html","title":{"rendered":"Dengenin hayvan y\u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7evrilmesi oda\u011f\u0131nda, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde hastal\u0131k y\u00f6netimi – B\u00f6l\u00fcm 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve refah \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli ekonomik kay\u0131plara ve zararlara neden olabilece\u011finden, yeti\u015ftiricilikte hastal\u0131k y\u00f6netimi, bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir konudur. Yeti\u015ftiricilik alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uzmanlar, \u00f6zellikle bal\u0131k ve karideste sa\u011fl\u0131k ve refah\u0131n y\u00fcksek tutulmas\u0131 konusunda tek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda ise hemfikir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BioMar global Ar-Ge y\u00f6neticisi Elisabeth Aasum<\/a>, Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde hastal\u0131k\u00a0 y\u00f6netimi, b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m gerektirir; t\u00fcm \u00fcretim d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne bakmay\u0131, do\u011fru yavrunun kullan\u0131m\u0131na karar verirken yeme de dikkat etmeyi, en uygun a\u015f\u0131 stratejisinin nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bal\u0131klar\u0131 ne zaman ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, ne zaman hasat edece\u011fimizi ve s\u00fcregelen hastal\u0131k zorluklar\u0131 nedeniyle nas\u0131l tedavi edece\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi kapsar<\/em> diyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bal\u0131k yemi \u00fcreticisi Skretting’in Ar-Ge direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Charles McGurk<\/a> de benzer \u015feyleri dile getiriyor. B\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir sa\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6netimi modeli, iyi genetik stokun oldu\u011fundan ve en \u00fcst d\u00fczey biyog\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olur, stres seviyelerinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir ve t\u00fcm iyi yeti\u015ftiricilik uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/em> Tabii ki, a\u015f\u0131lar end\u00fcstriyi de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Harika a\u015f\u0131lar geli\u015ftirilmeden, \u00f6zellikle somon yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi konusunda, \u015fu anda oldu\u011fumuz durumda olmazd\u0131k ve karides hari\u00e7 di\u011fer t\u00fcrler i\u00e7in de durum b\u00f6yledir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

McGurk’a g\u00f6re, i\u015flevsel yemler de hastal\u0131k kontrol\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynuyor. Ger\u00e7ekten de, Skretting i\u00e7in kritik bir odak noktas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir sa\u011fl\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 destekleyerek, \u00e7evresel veya patojenik olsun, herhangi bir zorlukla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, antibiyotik ve parazit \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc gibi kimyoterapotiklere olan end\u00fcstri ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde, umar\u0131z dengeyi hayvan lehine \u00e7evirebiliriz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aasum, uzun vadeli \u00fcretim yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131yla ilgili m\u00fc\u015fterilerle konu\u015fmak kritik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor ve yem bu tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131<\/em> dedi. Hepsi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir end\u00fcstriyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakla ilgili, ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funda bal\u0131k ve karidesi desteklemek i\u00e7in beslenmeyi uyarlamakla ilgilidir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rabobank’ta akvak\u00fclt\u00fcr ve deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri analisti olan Gorjan Nikolik, BioMar ve Skretting y\u00f6neticilerinin entegre sa\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6netimi stratejilerinin temelleri konusundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine kat\u0131l\u0131yor ve t\u00fcm unsurlar\u0131n birbiriyle ili\u015fkisi kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zlanda’dan sonra, \u0130sko\u00e7ya’n\u0131n somon end\u00fcstrisi \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda Avrupa’n\u0131n en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen b\u00f6lgesi olacak ve bunun Bakkafrost’un post-smolt teknolojisini, y\u00fcksek kaliteli yemi ve \u00e7iftlik y\u00f6netimine farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 getirmesiyle ilgisi var<\/em> diyor Nikolik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Genetik<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 desteklemede tabii ki \u00fcreme temel bir konudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karides \u00e7iftlik\u00e7ili\u011finde farkl\u0131 genetik tabanl\u0131 stratejilerle, ya dirence y\u00f6nelik \u00fcreme yapmak ya da saf \u0131rklar \u00fcretmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/em> diye ekliyor Nikolik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son birka\u00e7 y\u0131lda b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmelerden biri, yeni Siyah Kaplan Karidesi (Penaeus monodon) \u0131rklar\u0131 oldu. Genetik \u00e7evre ile etkile\u015fime girer. Daha fazla \u00e7evresel kontrol – Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) gibi – h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve saf \u0131rk i\u00e7in \u00fcreme odaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r, dirence de\u011fil.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekvador karides \u00e7iftlik\u00e7ili\u011finde e\u011filim dirence ya da toleransa \u00fcreme yapmak y\u00f6n\u00fcnde oldu. Ama\u00e7 \u0131rk\u0131n saf hale getirilmesi de\u011fil<\/em> diyor Nikolik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcreme programlar\u0131, \u00e7iftliklerden se\u00e7ilen \u00f6zel hastal\u0131ks\u0131z karideslerle ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekvadorlu \u00e7ift\u00e7iler zaten her iki \u015fekilde de sava\u015f\u0131 kazanamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck havuzlar\u0131, \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcz, kaplamas\u0131z ve t\u00fcm patojenleri kontrol edemeyeceklerini kabul ediyorlar. Bu nedenle, yerel hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 en iyi dirence sahip olan karidesleri, tek tek havuz seviyesinde se\u00e7iyorlar,<\/em> diyor Rabobank temsilcisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu programlar, birlikte Ekvadorlu karides i\u015f modeliyle birlikte \u00f6d\u00fcyor. \u00dclke, son on y\u0131lda karides \u00fcretimini %100 art\u0131rarak 2021’de 1 milyondan fazla tonu a\u015fan ve Ekvador Merkez Bankas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 5.3 milyar dolar de\u011ferinde oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klanan bir \u00fcretim ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131lar, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftircili\u011finde, hastal\u0131k y\u00f6netimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir itici g\u00fc\u00e7 olmaya devam edecek. Nikolik, \u015eili’deki SRS’i kontrol etmek i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131lar konusunda ilerleme kaydedildi\u011fini belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u011f\u0131z yoluyla yap\u0131lan a\u015f\u0131lar alan\u0131nda da \u00e7ok fazla geli\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck<\/em> diyen Nikolik, bu t\u00fcr a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n form\u00fcle edilmi\u015f yem yoluyla, \u00e7e\u015fitli polimerlerde kaps\u00fcle edilerek veya rotifer, daphnia ve artemia gibi canl\u0131 yemlerde biyo-kaps\u00fclasyon s\u00fcreciyle verilebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BioMar, belirli tedarik\u00e7ileri veya ila\u00e7 \u015firketlerini, oral a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgileri getirerek, somonidler i\u00e7in oral a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesini destekliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n bal\u0131klar\u0131n midelerinden ge\u00e7erken antijenin bozulmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan enjekte edilebilir olanlara k\u0131yasla bal\u0131klarda oral a\u015f\u0131larla ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yan\u0131t\u0131 eksikli\u011fi, bir geli\u015ftirme engeli olarak kalmaya devam ediyor<\/em>, dedi Aasum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de, enjekte edilebilir olanlara k\u0131yasla a\u011f\u0131z yoluyla a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 enjekte etmenin, antijenin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemine en do\u011frudan yolla verilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skretting de bu alanda geli\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, a\u011f\u0131z yoluyla a\u015f\u0131lama, sistemi korumay\u0131 art\u0131rabilir veya uzatabilir, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcresini iyile\u015ftirebilir,<\/em> dedi McGurk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u011f\u0131z yoluyla a\u015f\u0131laman\u0131n avantajlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bal\u0131klar\u0131 enjeksiyon yapmamak var Ancak, oral a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n etkilili\u011fini sa\u011flamak olduk\u00e7a zor olabiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Etkili olan say\u0131s\u0131z a\u015f\u0131 olsa da, bunlar\u0131n hepsi, bal\u0131k yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde genel antibiyotik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir fark yaratan biyolojik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na sahip<\/em>, diye kabul ediyor McGurk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bal\u0131klar\u0131n belli bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck ve olgunlu\u011fa sahip olmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kerevitler, belirli patojenlere kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lanamazlar, ancak do\u011fal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 uyaran bile\u015fiklerden yararlanabilirler. Kerevitlerin adapte ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemleri yoktur. Uygun h\u00fccreleri, patojenlere yan\u0131t vermeleri ve tekrarlayan enfeksiyonlarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken yollar\u0131 eksiklerdir. Ayr\u0131ca, baz\u0131 patojenlere kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek zor olabiliyor, \u00f6z\u00fcnde her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 yapamay\u0131z.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Somon Riketsiyal Sendromu (SRS) ile ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak zor bir bakteriyel hastal\u0131kt\u0131r,<\/em> dedi. H\u00fccre i\u00e7i bir bakteri oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k h\u00fccrelerine girer ve sonra tedavisi olduk\u00e7a zor hale gelir.<\/em> Bu nedenle, mevcut a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131nda etkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antibiyotiklere ba\u015fvurmadan SRS’yi \u00f6nlemek veya bal\u0131klar\u0131n bu zorlu\u011fa daha iyi uyum sa\u011flamalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka y\u00f6ntemler bulmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu konuda i\u015flevsel yemlerin etkinli\u011fini de\u011ferlendirdik ve bu y\u00f6nde belirgin bir potansiyel g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mikrobiyomun modifikasyonu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skretting ekibi, Nutreco Exploration (NutEx) meslekta\u015flar\u0131 ile birlikte, t\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricilik t\u00fcrleri ve co\u011frafyalar\u0131nda uygulanabilen beslenme stratejileri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir bak\u0131ma kurulmu\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 kullan\u0131yoruz, ancak daha incelikli bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131yoruz. Bu nedenle fitojeniklere, belirli fizyolojik etkiler kazand\u0131ran bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcnlere bak\u0131yoruz, ayr\u0131ca biome-etkin maddeler ba\u011flam\u0131nda bir mikroteknoloji program\u0131m\u0131z var, yine bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n veya karidesin lehine dengenin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na itmek i\u00e7in modifiye edici etkileri olan maddeler kullanabiliyoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bakteriyofajlar\u200b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skretting’in ana \u015firketi Nutreco, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin kritik sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler sunmak i\u00e7in bakteriyofajlar gibi yeni nesil teknolojilere yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temel d\u00fczeyde bunlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131na dair hi\u00e7bir soru yoktur, bakteriyofajlar bakterileri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr, bu \u015fekilde yay\u0131l\u0131rlar, bu onlar\u0131n modus operandi’sidir. Ancak tabii ki, istenen etkiyi verecek bakteriyofaj kokteyli i\u00e7eren bir \u00fcr\u00fcn yapmak i\u00e7in bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, o zaman i\u015fler \u00e7ok daha karma\u015f\u0131k hale gelir. Do\u011fru bakteriyofajlar\u0131 se\u00e7mek ve etkili bir yan\u0131t sa\u011flayabilecek bir \u015fekilde teslim etmenin bir yolunu bulmak i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekten sofistike yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n gerekti\u011fi yer buras\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak \u015fimdi \u00e7ok yenilik\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler ve teknolojiler kullanan bir\u00e7ok biyoteknoloji \u015firketi var ve biz bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n bu ufukta m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz <\/em> diyor McGurk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stres \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

BioMar, \u00fcretim d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcndeki en stresli a\u015famalar\u0131n neler oldu\u011funu belirleyerek kaynaklar\u0131 optimize etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, ard\u0131ndan zorlu d\u00f6nemlerde bal\u0131klara veya karideslere sekt\u00f6r i\u015fbirli\u011fi yoluyla veya elinde bulunan ara\u00e7larla destek vererek, \u00fcretim performans\u0131n\u0131 ve verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, somonlar tatl\u0131 sudan tuzlu suya ge\u00e7erken \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ge\u00e7irirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Denizde daha y\u00fcksek bir enfeksiyon riskine maruz kalman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k savunmas\u0131 ve bariyerleri smolting s\u00fcreci nedeniyle stres alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, bal\u0131klar bu a\u015famada hastal\u0131k riskine ve artan \u00f6l\u00fcme maruz kal\u0131rlar. “Probiyotiklerin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla bal\u0131klara nas\u0131l destek oldu\u011fumuzu stabilize ederek mikrobiyotay\u0131 daha sa\u011flam bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in daha iyi bir teminat alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6steren kapsaml\u0131 dok\u00fcmantasyonumuz var<\/em>” diye devam etti Aasum.Deniz bal\u0131klar\u0131 yavrular\u0131 da probiyotik takviyesinden faydalanacak<\/em> dedi. Yine, BioMar\u2019\u0131n, Bactocell ticari ad\u0131yla bilinen P. acidilactici MA18 \/ 5M i\u00e7eren yemlerin larvalarda deformasyon azalt\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan faydal\u0131 bir etkisi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren sa\u011flam verileri var; probiyoti\u011fin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, erken ya\u015fam evrelerinde fosfor gibi kemik yap\u0131c\u0131 minerallerin al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde hastal\u0131k y\u00f6netiminin farkl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan yeni bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6z atmaya devam edece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> feednavigator.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve refah \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli ekonomik kay\u0131plara ve zararlara neden olabilece\u011finden, 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