{"id":11948,"date":"2023-05-04T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-04T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/suymerbir.org.tr\/?p=11948"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:12:06","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T06:12:06","slug":"anadolu-cografyasinda-yapilan-su-urunleri-yetistiriciligi-odaginda-balik-yemlerinde-kullanilan-yemlerde-fonksiyonel-katkilar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.suymerbir.org.tr\/en\/anadolu-cografyasinda-yapilan-su-urunleri-yetistiriciligi-odaginda-balik-yemlerinde-kullanilan-yemlerde-fonksiyonel-katkilar.html","title":{"rendered":"Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi oda\u011f\u0131nda, bal\u0131k yemlerinde kullan\u0131lan yemlerde fonksiyonel katk\u0131lar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Su bitkileri de dahil olmak \u00fczere k\u00fcresel su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretimi 110.2 milyon ton olarak kaydedilmi\u015f olup bu mahs\u00fcllerin ilk sat\u0131\u015f de\u011feri $243.5B olarak tahmin edilmektedir. \u00dcretimin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na bakacak olursak, toplam \u00fcretimin 80M tonunun t\u00fcketimlik olanlar olu\u015ftururken ve 30.1M tonunu da su bitkileri olu\u015fturmakta. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/ca9229en\/ca9229en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kaynak<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00fcnya su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi end\u00fcstrisi, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana art\u0131k 1980&#8217;ler ve 1990&#8217;lardaki y\u00fcksek y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131n\u0131 yakalayamamaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u0131da tedarik sekt\u00f6rlerinden daha h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyor. 2001-2016 d\u00f6neminde y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde %5.8&#8217;e d\u00fc\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen b\u00fcy\u00fcme hala devam ediyor. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i9540en\/i9540en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0130<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i9540en\/i9540en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">leri okuma<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u015eu anda, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, k\u00fcresel toplam bal\u0131k \u00fcretiminin %46.8&#8217;ine katk\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011findeki bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131n temel nedenleri aras\u0131nda, mahs\u00fcllerin beslendi\u011fi yemlerdeki kalite art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yads\u0131namaz bir ger\u00e7ek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kalitesi y\u00fcksek bir yem, uygun ve gerekli yem katk\u0131 maddelerinden haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. <strong>Fonksiyonel yem<\/strong> katk\u0131 maddelerindeki son geli\u015fmeler, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricilerinin operasyonlar\u0131nda umut vermektedir. Fonksiyonel <strong>yem katk\u0131 maddeleri<\/strong>, bal\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bal\u0131klar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k performans\u0131n\u0131 da artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fonksiyonel<\/strong> olarak tan\u0131mlanan bu katk\u0131 maddeleri farkl\u0131 kaynaklardan elde edilmektedir, <strong>organik<\/strong> olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131rlar ve <strong>\u00e7evre ile dost<\/strong>turlar. Fonksiyonel yem katk\u0131 maddeleri aras\u0131nda <strong>prebiyotikler, probiyotikler, deniz yosunlar\u0131, mantarlar, mikroalgler, enzimler, organik asitler, mikotoksin ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar, fotogenik veya fitobiyotik bile\u015fikler ve mayalar<\/strong> bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yem giderleri,<\/strong> su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde \u00fcretim maliyetinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %50-80 gibi, epey b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 temsil eder. <strong>Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in<\/strong> beslenmenin dengeli olmas\u0131, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00fcretim maliyetinin de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekir. Yeti\u015ftiricilik operasyonunda kullan\u0131lan yemin kalitesi ve maliyeti, yem form\u00fclasyonu i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan <strong>yem hammaddelerinin ve katk\u0131 maddelerinin kalitesi ile fiyat\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131<\/strong>d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yem hammaddeleri organik ve inorganik bile\u015fenlerin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Bu bile\u015fenler, ham madde ve \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Yem haz\u0131rlama s\u0131ras\u0131nda yem katk\u0131 maddeleri eklenerek yem kalitesi, <strong>sa\u011fl\u0131k performans\u0131 ve bal\u0131klar\u0131n beslenme verimlili\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r<\/strong>. Yem katk\u0131 maddelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu besleyici s\u0131n\u0131fta yer almazlar fakat antioksidanlar, imm\u00fcnostim\u00fclanlar, probiyotikler, antibiyotikler b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi, <strong>sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve su kalitesini iyile\u015ftirir<\/strong>. Bu bile\u015fenlerin yemlere kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yemlerin \u00fcretim maliyetini artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yads\u0131namaz bir ger\u00e7ek olmakla birlikte artan maliyetleri a\u015fmak i\u00e7in, yem \u015firketleri fonksiyonel yem katk\u0131 maddelerinin uygulanmas\u0131na daha fazla a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-image stk-block-image stk-block stk-9481226\" data-block-id=\"9481226\"><figure class=\"stk-img-wrapper stk-image--shape-stretch\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"stk-img wp-image-11960\" src=\"http:\/\/suymerbir.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/su-urunleri-yetistiriciliginde-kullanilan-fonksiyonel-gida-takviyeleri-2.jpg\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fonksiyonel yem katk\u0131 maddeleri, <strong>antibiyotikler ve kemoterap\u00f6tiklere de iyi bir alternatif<\/strong> olmu\u015ftur. Normal katk\u0131lardan daha iyi b\u00fcy\u00fcme, imm\u00fcn yan\u0131t\u0131 art\u0131rma, fizyolojik fonksiyonlar\u0131 ve bal\u0131klar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma \u00f6zellikleriyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131rlar. \u015eimdi baz\u0131 temel fonksiyonel yem katk\u0131lar\u0131na ve i\u015flevlerine g\u00f6z atal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:20px;}.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:#ffffff;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > 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#F7FAFC);background:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible 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.kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:var(--global-palette1, #3182CE);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#f3690e;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#f3690e;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#f3690e;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#f3690e;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:20px;}.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#f3690e;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#f3690e;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#f3690e;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#f3690e;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id_e3562c-0b kt-accordion-has-10-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane_e03910-ba\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Fitobiyotikler<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fito-biyotik veya fitojenik bile\u015fikler, bal\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini ve sa\u011fl\u0131k performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yemlere eklenen bitki t\u00fcrevleridir. Bu bitki \u00fcr\u00fcnleri antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antikarsinojenik, analjezik, b\u00f6cek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc, antiparaziter, antikoksidyal, b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00fczenleyici, i\u015ftah artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, safra salg\u0131s\u0131 ve sindirim enzim aktivitesi uyar\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 gibi farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahiptirler. Bu fitobiyotik bile\u015fenler, bitkilerin yaprak, k\u00f6k, yumru, meyve ve baharatlar\u0131 gibi b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden elde edilen heterojen yem katk\u0131 maddeleridir. Bu bile\u015fenler ya\u011f, toz yada ekstrakt gibi farkl\u0131 formlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli fitojenik bile\u015fikler \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sar\u0131msak (<em>Allium sativum<\/em>) yeti\u015ftiricilik alt\u0131ndaki bal\u0131klarda bakteriyel hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 imm\u00fcnostim\u00fclasyonu kontrol eder ve artt\u0131r\u0131r. [<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2009.01121.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biberiye (<em>Rosmarinus officinalis<\/em>) Nil tilapyas\u0131nda <em>Streptococcus inae<\/em>&#8216;nin neden oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00fcmlere kar\u015f\u0131 direnci artt\u0131r\u0131r. [<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20158579\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kekik, Avrupa levre\u011finde <em>Listonella anguillarum<\/em>&#8216;a kar\u015f\u0131 %0.025 ve %0.05 karvakrol\u00fcn kayda de\u011fer bir diren\u00e7 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2012.03202.x\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane_effff2-fa\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Mikroalgler<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mikroalg grubu, boyutlar\u0131 2 ile 20 \u03bcm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen, fotosentetik tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar grubudur. Mikroalgler protein (Spirulina &#8211; %60-90), ya\u011f (poli-doymam\u0131\u015f ya\u011f asitleri, HUFA), polisakarit, vitamin, antioksidan, pigment, iz element vb. gibi bir\u00e7ok besin kayna\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden olduk\u00e7a zengindir. \u015eu anda bal\u0131k ve kabuklu yavru besinlerinde canl\u0131 yem olarak&nbsp; da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u0131k kullan\u0131lan mikroalg t\u00fcrleri <em>Chlorella, Tetraselmis, Isochrysis, Pavlova, Phaeodactylum, Chaetoceros, Nannochloropsis, Skeletonema <\/em>ve<em> Thalassiosira<\/em>&#8216;d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Farkl\u0131 alg t\u00fcrlerinin kombinasyonu, bal\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131 ve beslenmesi i\u00e7in daha iyi sonu\u00e7lar verir. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi i\u00e7in, bir mikroalg t\u00fcr\u00fc, kolay k\u00fclt\u00fcr edilebilir, toksik riski olmayan, do\u011fru h\u00fccre boyutunda ve \u015feklinde, y\u00fcksek besin de\u011feri olan ve besin maddelerini mevcut k\u0131lan bir sindirilebilir h\u00fccre duvar\u0131na sahip olmak gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli kriterleri kar\u015f\u0131lamal\u0131d\u0131r. Protein ve vitamin i\u00e7eri\u011fi, mikroalglerin besin de\u011ferini belirleyen \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Yem katk\u0131s\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde, mikroalg i\u00e7eren diyetler bal\u0131klarda daha iyi sonu\u00e7lar verir. Bal\u0131k beslenmesi ile ilgili baz\u0131 mikroalg \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Spirulina ilave edilmi\u015f yemler Pengze sazan\u0131nda daha iyi b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131 ve yem verimlili\u011fi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314704168_Applications_of_Microalgae_as_Feed_Additives_in_Aquaculture\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>] Yemdeki spirulina oran\u0131 %5 ve %10 olan diyetler <em>Regalecus glesne<\/em>, Koi ve Gold bal\u0131klar\u0131nda daha iyi b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve parlak renklenme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314704168_Applications_of_Microalgae_as_Feed_Additives_in_Aquaculture\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>] G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f sazanda s\u00fcperoksit dismutaz ve lizozim serum aktivitesini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314704168_Applications_of_Microalgae_as_Feed_Additives_in_Aquaculture\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Haematococcus pluvialis<\/em>: G\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda antioksidan sistemini ve belirli biyokimyasal parametreleri artt\u0131r\u0131r. [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21695482\/\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Crypthecodinium cohnii<\/em>: gen\u00e7 \u00e7ipurada b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve iyi bir sa\u011f kal\u0131m oran\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848607002979\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848607002979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-3 kt-pane_ad7b86-f1\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Mayalar<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Y\u00fcksek miktarda enzim, ya\u011f asidi, amino asit, B vitamini kompleksi ve say\u0131s\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fcme fakt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7eren bir grup maya, hem karasal hem de sucul hayvan beslenmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Sadece birka\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc akvaryumculukta kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n en yayg\u0131n olan\u0131 <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/em>&#8216;dir. Bu maya, ABD G\u0131da ve \u0130la\u00e7 Dairesi (FDA) taraf\u0131ndan Genel Olarak G\u00fcvenli (GRAS) olarak kabul edilir ve hayvan yemlerinde kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131 mayas\u0131 h\u00fccre duvar\u0131 y\u00fcksek miktarda mannan oligosakaritler i\u00e7erirken, bira mayas\u0131 daha fazla miktarda selenyum ve krom gibi iz mineraller i\u00e7erir. Maya, tatl\u0131 su bal\u0131klar\u0131 ve kabuklularda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi, hayatta kalma oran\u0131n\u0131, olgunla\u015fmay\u0131 art\u0131rabilir; ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve antioksidan sistemlerini geli\u015ftirebilir. \u03b2-glukan, manno proteinler, kitin (az bir bile\u015fen olarak) ve n\u00fckleik asitler, mayalar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k uyar\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri i\u00e7in ana bile\u015fenlerdir. Mannan-Oligosakarit, ba\u011f\u0131rsaktaki bakterileri giderir, b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r, besleme verimlili\u011fini iyile\u015ftirir ve ba\u011f\u0131rsaktaki emilimi art\u0131r\u0131r. Maya farkl\u0131 bal\u0131k yemlerindeki etkisine \u00f6rnekler \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/em>, Tilapyada b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131 ve besleme verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rd\u0131. [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848602002776\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>] Hibrit \u00e7izgili levrekte enfeksiyonlara kar\u015f\u0131 hastal\u0131k ve bakteri direncini art\u0131rd\u0131. [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/299825193_Dietary_prebiotics_and_probiotics_influence_growth_performance_nutrient_digestibility_and_the_expression_of_immune_regulatory_genes_in_snakehead_Channa_striata_fingerlings\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>] \u00c7ipurada h\u00fccresel do\u011fal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tepkisini art\u0131rd\u0131.[<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11867166\/\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>] Avrupa deniz levre\u011fi yavrular\u0131nda (<em>Dicentrarchus labrax<\/em>) bal\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini ve antioksidan ana enzimlerin (katalaz, glutatyon peroksidaz ve s\u00fcperoksit dismutaz) ifadesini art\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848609009843\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae <\/em>ve<em> Saccharomyces boulardii<\/em>, ba\u011f\u0131rsak mikrobiyotas\u0131n\u0131 ve f\u0131r\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 enzim aktivitelerini art\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/301255415_Functional_feed_additives_in_aquaculture_feeds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Debaryomyces hansenii HF1<\/em>, deniz levre\u011fi yavrular\u0131nda sindirimi iyile\u015ftiren amilaz ve tripsin salg\u0131lar. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848601006500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-4 kt-pane_a4005b-43\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Enzimler<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anti-besin maddelerinin negatif etkisi, yem bile\u015fenlerinin sindirimi ve bal\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. Bu sorunlar, d\u0131\u015f kaynakl\u0131 enzimlerle a\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan enzimler; fitaz, karbohidraz, proteaz, lipaz, alfa-amilaz, papain ve pepsindir. Bitki tohumlar\u0131n\u0131n %80&#8217;indeki fosfor fitat \u015feklinde bulunur. Bal\u0131klar i\u00e7in, fitat fosforunun sindirilebilirli\u011fi ve biyoyararlan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu nedenle, fitaz bal\u0131k yemi ile verildi\u011finde fitat fosforunun sindirimi artar ve fosfor at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 azal\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca protein ve fosfor kullan\u0131m\u0131 da artar. Ni\u015fasta d\u0131\u015f\u0131 polisakaritlerin sindirilebilirli\u011fi, yemlere ni\u015fasta d\u0131\u015f\u0131 polisakaritleri par\u00e7alayan enzimlerin eklenmesi ile artar. Enzimlerin farkl\u0131 bal\u0131k yemlerindeki uygulamalar\u0131na \u00f6rnekler \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fitaz: <\/strong>Nil tilapyas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi, yem d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131, protein verimlilik oran\u0131n\u0131 ve spesifik b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r.[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848605002279\">Link<\/a>] Pangasius yavrular\u0131nda diyetlerine kg ba\u015f\u0131na 500 U Fitaz ilavesi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanc\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr net protein kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve enerji tutma de\u011ferini art\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2004.01203.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pepsin, papain, amilaz:<\/strong> Nil tilapyas\u0131 yavrular\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi ve yem kullan\u0131m verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326248038_The_Role_of_Functional_Feed_Additives_in_Tilapia_Nutrition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mikrobiyal fitaz:<\/strong> Diyetlerine kg ba\u015f\u0131na 500 U mikrobiyal f\u0131taz eklenmesi, g\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki enerji ve fosforun kullan\u0131labilirli\u011fini artt\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00025.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Alfa-amilaz:<\/strong> Gen\u00e7 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7ipura bal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ni\u015fasta sindirilebilirli\u011fini art\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1046\/j.1365-2109.2003.00777.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Glukanaz, pentozanaz, sel\u00fclaz, ksilanaz:<\/strong> Japon deniz levre\u011finde yem d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131, yem verimlilik oran\u0131n\u0131, azot retansiyonunu artt\u0131rd\u0131 ve amonyak sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltt\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17329137\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-5 kt-pane_363b98-5e\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Organik asitler<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organik asitler, zay\u0131f karboksilik k\u0131sa zincirli ya\u011f asitleridir. Su i\u00e7inde k\u0131smen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in hidrojen iyonu (H+) ve karboksilat iyonu (-COO-) olu\u015ftururlar. Organik asit \u00f6rnekleri aras\u0131nda formik asit, sitrik asit, benzoik asit, laktik asit, asetik asit, propiyonik asit, malik asit ve sorbik asit ile tuzlar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organik asitler bal\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini, besin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve hastal\u0131k direncini artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r ve&nbsp; mide ile ba\u011f\u0131rsakta pH&#8217;\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrken sindirim enzim aktivitesini artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bakterilerin h\u00fccre duvar\u0131na n\u00fcfuz ederler ve normal i\u015flevini bozarak bakterilerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmelerini engellerler. Bu etkiler, bal\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ya\u015f\u0131, organik asitlerin t\u00fcrleri ve d\u00fczeyi, yem y\u00f6netimi ve su kalitesi gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli fakt\u00f6rlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Organik asit ve tuzlar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 bal\u0131k yemlerindeki kullan\u0131mlar\u0131na \u00f6rnekler \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Formik asit i\u00e7eren yemle beslenen G\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131klar\u0131nda, fosfor sindirilebilirli\u011finde belirgin bir iyile\u015fme g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. [<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1365-2095.1997.00041.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sitrik asit, Deniz \u00e7ipuras\u0131nda azot ve fosfor tutulumuna yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. [<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1444-2906.2007.01469.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>] Ayn\u0131 zamanda, istiridyede kalsiyum ve fosfor biyoyararlan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0377840111004159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Y\u00fczde 1&#8217;lik Sodyum diformat takviyesi, g\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yemi sindiriminde protein, lipid ve amino asitlerin sindirilebilirli\u011fini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/232380445_Sodium_diformate_and_extrusion_temperature_affect_nutrient_digestibility_and_physical_quality_of_diets_with_fish_meal_and_barley_protein_concentrate_for_rainbow_trout_Oncorhynchus_mykiss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>] Y\u00fczde 0,3&#8217;l\u00fck takviye, tilapya yavrular\u0131nda protein verimlilik oran\u0131n\u0131 ve protein retansiyonunu art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wfish.de\/fulltext\/ISFNF-2010-P340.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-6 kt-pane_c32d5d-5a\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Mikotoksin ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerden mantarlar\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi ikincil metabolitlere <strong>mikotoksin<\/strong> denir. Bunlar genellikle tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde geli\u015firler. Form\u00fcle edilmi\u015f yemde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bitkisel yem i\u00e7erikleri kolayca bu mikotoksinlerden etkilenir, bu da bal\u0131klarda kilo al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve besleme verimlili\u011fini azaltarak karaci\u011fer ve b\u00f6brek hasar\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130lk mikotoksin olan Aflatoksin, 1960&#8217;larda yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hammadde olarak kullanan hindi yemlerinde ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de bu kirlenme nedeniyle 10M hayvan kaybedildi. Daha sonra pamuk tohumunu hammade olarak kullanan yemdeki aflatoksis kontaminasyonu nedeniyle ABD&#8217;de h\u00fck\u00fcmet kontrol\u00fcndeki ve ticari \u00fcretim \u00e7iftliklerinde g\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131klar\u0131 kaybedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aflatoksinler genellikle <em>Aspergillus flavus<\/em>, <em>A. parasitcus<\/em> ve <em>A. nomius<\/em> mantar t\u00fcrlerinden gelir. <em>Fusarium<\/em> mikotoksinleri de su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yemleri i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehdittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu mikotoksinlerin olumsuz etkilerini gidermek i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 mevcuttur. Al\u00fcminyum silikatlar, bentonit, montmorillonit, hidratl\u0131 sodyum kalsiyum alumina silikatlar, zeolitik malzemeler genellikle yemlerde 1 ila 10g\/kg aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 bal\u0131k yemlerindeki mikotoksin ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na dair \u00f6rnekler \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hidrate sodyum kalsiyum alumina silikat:<\/strong> Nil tilapyas\u0131nda alfatoksin B1 toksisitesini etkili bir \u015fekilde azaltt\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10499-013-9661-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>%1 bentonit, Nil tilapyas\u0131n\u0131n kaslar\u0131nda AFB1&#8217;in inhibisyon etkisini ve biyolojik birikimini azaltt\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/agris.fao.org\/agris-search\/search.do?recordID=TH2010000983\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>] Pangasius bal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha iyi b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131 ve AFB1 azalt\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/323819801_Aflatoxin_B1_AFB1_reduces_growth_performance_physiological_response_and_disease_resistance_in_Tra_catfish_Pangasius_hypophthalmus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Montmorillonit + Bentonit (Kil adsorbanlar\u0131):<\/strong> 5g\/kg kil adsorbanlar\u0131 bal\u0131k yemine eklenerek tilapyada AFB1&#8217;e kar\u015f\u0131 biyokimyasal ve histokimyasal parametreleri iyile\u015ftirdi. [<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20817254\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-7 kt-pane_02cc15-61\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Probiyotikler<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131rsak mikrobiyal dengesi, probiyotik kullan\u0131m\u0131yla iyile\u015ftirilebilir. Probiyotikler, yemlerle birlikte bal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011f\u0131na verilen canl\u0131 mikroplard\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131rsak mikrobiyal dengesini d\u00fczenleyerek antimikrobiyal etkiye sahiptir, antibakteriyel maddeler (bakteriosinler ve organik asitler) salg\u0131layarak, patojenlerin ba\u011f\u0131rsa\u011fa yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in patojenlerle rekabet eder, patojenlerin hayatta kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan besin maddeleri i\u00e7in rekabet eder ve antitoksin etkisi \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Probiyotikler ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemini mod\u00fcle edebilir, v\u00fccudun alerjik tepkisini d\u00fczenleyebilir ve memelilerde kanser proliferasyonunu azaltabilir. Bu nedenle, genellikle dost bakteriler veya sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bakteriler olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, akvak\u00fclt\u00fcr sistemlerinin su kalitesini de iyile\u015ftirir. Farkl\u0131 bal\u0131k yemlerinde probiyotik kullan\u0131m\u0131na dair \u00f6rnekler \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Bacillus subtilis<\/em> ve <em>Streptomyces,<\/em> s\u00fcs bal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n (k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 kuyruklu, guppy) b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini ve hayatta kalma oran\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131.[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/206920838_Evaluation_of_Streptomyces_as_a_Probiotic_Feed_for_the_Growth_of_Ornamental_Fish_Xiphophorus_helleri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Bacillus cereus<\/em> yemlere eklenen 0.5g\/kg&#8217;l\u0131k dozda, gen\u00e7 sinarit bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131.[<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/229732243_Dietary_intake_of_probiotics_and_maslinic_acid_in_juvenile_dentex_Dentex_dentex_L_Effects_on_growth_performance_survival_and_liver_proteolytic_activities\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>B. subtilis, B. licheniformis<\/em> ve <em>Enterococcus faecium<\/em> eklenen yemler, g\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2009.00688.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Delbrueckii,<\/em> Avrupa levre\u011finin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini artt\u0131rd\u0131 ve stresi azaltt\u0131.[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848606002845\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus,<\/em> G\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848601005932\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-8 kt-pane_d98759-3b\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Prebiyotikler<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prebiyotikler, sindirim sistemi taraf\u0131ndan sindirilemeyen yem bile\u015fenleri olup, gastroidde zaten bulunan bir veya s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da bakteri t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini veya aktivitesini se\u00e7ici olarak uyararak konak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan prebiyotikler; in\u00fclin, oligofruktoz, ksilo oligosakarit, fruktooligosakarit, mannan oligosakarit, galaktooligosakarit ve b-glukand\u0131r.Yemde kullan\u0131lan prebiyotikler i\u00e7in \u015fu kriterler zorunlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">i) bal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fcst sindirim kanal\u0131na dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br>ii). Ba\u011f\u0131rsak mikrobiyotas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kolayca fermante edilebilmelidir.<br>iii). Konak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na faydal\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br>iv). Probiyotikleri se\u00e7ici olarak uyarabilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prebiyotiklerin bal\u0131k yemlerinde kullan\u0131m\u0131na dair baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0130n\u00fclin:<\/strong> Gen\u00e7 Nil tilapyalar\u0131nda, RBC, magnezyum, kalsiyum, demir i\u00e7eri\u011fini artt\u0131rd\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131rsak villus uzunlu\u011funu ve lizozim aktivitesini artt\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0377840115001698\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mannan oligosakaritler:<\/strong> %0,4 prebiyotik diyeti, ba\u011f\u0131rsak k\u0131vr\u0131m y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ve ba\u011f\u0131rsak kas tabakas\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/scielo.conicyt.cl\/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&#038;pid=S0718-560X2015000500014&#038;lng=en&#038;nrm=i\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/scielo.conicyt.cl\/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&#038;pid=S0718-560X2015000500014&#038;lng=en&#038;nrm=i\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Frukto oligosakaritler:<\/strong> 10g\/kg FOS i\u00e7eren yem, Atlantik somonunun yem t\u00fcketimini ve sindirilebilirli\u011fini artt\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848608004961\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-9 kt-pane_f34161-d5\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Deniz yosunlar\u0131<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deniz yosunlar\u0131 makroalgdir ve t\u00fcrevleri insan ve hayvan besini s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda da yer bulmaktad\u0131r. Deniz yosunlar\u0131n\u0131n besin de\u011feri t\u00fcr\u00fcne ve mevsimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Avrupa&#8217;da kahverengi deniz yosunlar\u0131, mineral i\u00e7erikleri ve polisakaritleri nedeniyle hayvan beslenmesi i\u00e7in katk\u0131 maddesi \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Deniz yosunu \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin mineral i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve polisakaritleri, bal\u0131k beslenmesinde fonksiyonel yem katk\u0131lar\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Deniz yosunlar\u0131n\u0131n yemlerde katk\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na dair baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sodyum aljinat:<\/strong> \u0130stiridyenin b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131, imm\u00fcnolojik ve hematolojik parametreleri ve <em>Vibrio alginolyticus<\/em> ve <em>Streptococcus sp<\/em>. enfeksiyonlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 hastal\u0131k direncini art\u0131rd\u0131. [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16784873\/\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>] 50g\/kg diyetlerindeki deniz levre\u011finde ya\u011f ve k\u00fcl i\u00e7eri\u011fini artt\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308814612008588\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Laminarin:<\/strong> G\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda fagositoz aktivitesini artt\u0131rd\u0131 ve TNF-a ve IL-8 genlerini reg\u00fcle etti [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/are.12426\" target=\"_blank\">Link<\/a>]. \u00c7e\u015fitli laminarin konsantrasyonlar\u0131, \u00e7ipura diyetinde spesifik b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131, yem d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm verimlili\u011fini, kreatinin, alkalen fosfataz, lizozim, SOD, katalaz ve IL-1, IL-8 ve TLR2 gen ekspresyonunu artt\u0131rd\u0131 [<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25266890\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>].<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Gracilaria spp., Ulva spp. <\/em>veya<em> Fucus spp.<\/em>:<\/strong> Avrupa deniz levre\u011finde lipaz aktivitesini, antioksidan cevaplar\u0131, alternatif tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 aktiviteyi ve lizozim aktivitesini art\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/299460387_Role_of_dietary_seaweed_supplementation_on_growth_performance_digestive_capacity_and_immune_and_stress_responsiveness_in_European_seabass_Dicentrarchus_labrax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>K-karagenan:<\/strong> Kahverengi benekli \u00e7ipura bal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda l\u00f6kosit say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, solunumu, fagositoz aktivitesini, fagositoz indeksini, alternatif tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 aktiviteyi, lizozim aktivitesini ve <em>Vibrio alginolyticus<\/em>&#8216;a kar\u015f\u0131 direnci artt\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17981341\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-10 kt-pane_2dc86e-98\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Mantarlar<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mantarlar kitin, hemisel\u00fcloz, b- ve a-glukanlar, mannalar, ksilanlar ve galaktanlar gibi farkl\u0131 polisakaritler i\u00e7erir. Mantarlardan elde edilen polisakaritler, antit\u00fcm\u00f6r, antimikrobiyal, antioksidan, antiviral ve immunomod\u00fclatuar \u00f6zelliklere sahiptir. Bu nedenle, mantarlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri ve \u00e7ift\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda fark\u0131ndal\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a, aquaculture alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r. Bal\u0131k yemlerinde mantarlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili \u00f6rnekler \u015fu \u015fekildedir;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>Pleurotus ostreatus:<\/em> <\/strong>Metanolik ekstresi g\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belirli b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131, nitroblu tetrazolium, fagositoz, lizozim ve miyeloperoksidaz aktivitelerini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve ayr\u0131ca <em>A. hydrophila<\/em>&#8216;ya kar\u015f\u0131 direnci art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/287390348_Effects_of_oyster_mushroom_Pleurotus_ostreatus_and_nettle_Urtica_dioica_methanolic_extracts_on_immune_responses_and_resistance_to_Aeromonas_hydrophila_in_rainbow_trout_Oncorhynchus_mykiss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Hericium erinaceum:<\/em><\/strong> Kelp levre\u011finde <em>P. dicentrarchi<\/em>&#8216;ye kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 ve direnci art\u0131rd\u0131.[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848611003759\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Phellinus linteus<\/em>:<\/strong> Pisibal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yavrular\u0131nda <em>Vibrio anguillarum<\/em>&#8216;a kar\u015f\u0131 korumay\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131.[<a href=\"https:\/\/koreascience.kr\/article\/JAKO201108040014342.page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Agaricus bisporus<\/em>:<\/strong> Levreklerin b\u00fcy\u00fcme performans\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Innotus obliquus:<\/em> Mycelium \u00f6z\u00fct\u00fc, deniz \u00e7upras\u0131 bal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi artt\u0131r\u0131rken i\u015ftah\u0131 uyarmaktad\u0131r. [<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27678509\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>Lentinula edodes:<\/strong><\/em> G\u00f6kku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 alabal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda <em>L. garvieae<\/em>&#8216;ye kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra toplam l\u00f6kositler, hematokrit seviyeleri, fagositoz aktivitesi, serum lysozym, myeloperoxidase aktiviteleri ve IgM&#8217;yi de artt\u0131rd\u0131. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848615002501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Link<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-gutenverse-divider guten-element guten-divider guten-j6s0eu\"><div class=\"guten-divider-wrapper\"><div class=\"guten-divider-default guten-divider-line guten-divider-regular\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin en \u00f6nemli bile\u015fenlerinden olan yemlerde kullan\u0131klan fonksiyonel katk\u0131lar, verimlilikte art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurken enfeksiy\u00f6z hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 direnci de artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fini sa\u011flarken ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7evre ile uyumlu yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in iyi bir yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan fonksiyonel yem katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, yemlerdeki etkile\u015fimlerini ve hayvan\u0131n biyokimyasal ve fizyolojik fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak, fonksiyonel yemlerin daha fazla geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fonksiyonel yem katk\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7evre dostudur ve su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi \u00fczerinde pek olumsuz etkiye sahip de\u011fildirler ancak, bu t\u00fcr fonksiyonel katk\u0131lar\u0131n etkili uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Su bitkileri de dahil olmak \u00fczere k\u00fcresel su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretimi 110.2 milyon ton olarak kaydedilmi\u015f olup bu mahs\u00fcllerin&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11959,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,36,38],"tags":[85,110,111,138,140,143,153,155,156],"class_list":["post-11948","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-su-urunleri-yetistiriciligi","category-yem-teknolojisi","tag-balik-yemleri","tag-fonksiyonel-yem-katkilari","tag-fonksiyonel-yemler","tag-mantarlar","tag-maya","tag-mikotoksin-baglayicilar","tag-organik-asitler","tag-prebiyotikler","tag-probiyotikler"],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"Kaan 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